Questions to Defence Against
PhD-Level Challenges to the Lecture Notes on Philosophy of Mind:
1. The Nature of Consciousness:
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Beyond Global Broadcasting: While the lecture notes present the Global Broadcasting Theory of consciousness as a prominent explanation, it is important to acknowledge and explore alternative theories, such as Higher-Order Thought (HOT) theories and Integrated Information Theory (IIT). How do these theories compare and contrast with Global Broadcasting, and what are their respective strengths and weaknesses in explaining the subjective, qualitative aspects of consciousness?
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The Explanatory Gap and Alternative Ontologies: The "hard problem" of consciousness remains a significant challenge for physicalist accounts. Explore alternative ontologies, such as panpsychism or neutral monism, that attempt to bridge the explanatory gap between the physical and the phenomenal. How do these ontologies differ from physicalism, and what are their implications for our understanding of consciousness and its place in the universe?
2. Intentionality and Representation:
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Beyond Causal Theories: While the lecture notes focus on causal theories of representation, delve into alternative theories, such as teleosemantics or conceptual role semantics, that emphasize the role of function, purpose, or conceptual roles in determining the content of mental states. How do these theories address the limitations of causal theories, and how do they account for phenomena like misrepresentation and reference to nonexistent objects?
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The Internalism-Externalism Debate: Explore the ongoing debate between internalist and externalist accounts of mental content. How do factors like social and environmental context, causal history, and linguistic practices contribute to shaping the content of our thoughts? Can a purely internalist account adequately explain the intentionality of mental states?
3. Personal Identity and Reductionism:
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The Self and its Boundaries: Parfit's reductionist view challenges the notion of a unified and enduring self. Explore alternative conceptions of the self, such as the narrative self or the ecological self, that emphasize the dynamic and relational aspects of personal identity. How do these conceptions differ from the reductionist view, and how do they account for our sense of self and its persistence through time?
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Moral Responsibility and the Self: If personal identity is indeterminate or fluid, as Parfit suggests, what are the implications for moral responsibility? How can we hold individuals accountable for their actions if their identity over time is not clearly defined? Explore different approaches to moral responsibility that address the challenges posed by reductionism and the possibility of indeterminate identity.
4. Knowledge and Justification:
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Beyond the Gettier Problem: While the lecture notes discuss the Gettier problem and attempts to solve it, explore alternative approaches to analyzing knowledge that move beyond the justified true belief framework. Consider virtue epistemology, which focuses on intellectual character and reliable cognitive processes, or contextualism, which emphasizes the context-dependence of knowledge attributions.
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The Value of Knowledge and Skepticism: The lecture notes touch upon the value of knowledge in relation to assertion and inquiry. Delve deeper into the epistemological and practical significance of knowledge, exploring its role in justification, decision-making, and our understanding of the world. How does the value of knowledge relate to the challenge of skepticism and the possibility of attaining genuine knowledge?
5. The Mind and the World:
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The Place of Consciousness in the Universe: Explore the broader implications of different theories of consciousness for our understanding of the universe and our place within it. Does consciousness play a fundamental role in shaping reality, or is it a mere epiphenomenon of physical processes?
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The Relationship between Mind and Language: Investigate the complex interplay between mental representation and language. How does language influence our thoughts, and how do our thoughts shape our use of language? Explore different theories of the relationship between mind and language, such as the language of thought hypothesis or the embodied cognition perspective.
These questions represent just a few starting points for further inquiry and critical reflection on the topics covered in the lecture notes. By engaging with these challenges and exploring alternative perspectives, PhD students can deepen their understanding of the philosophy of mind and contribute to the ongoing philosophical debate about the nature of consciousness, intentionality, personal identity, knowledge, and the relationship between the mind and the world.