《哲学导论》是由 Sebastian Sunday Grève 教授和 Julius Schönherr 教授精心打造的一款船新烧脑冒险游戏。游戏发生在一个被称作“封建理教#313”的阴暗世界，在这里，被绩点选中的人将被授予“每周作业”。你将扮演一位名为“学渣”的苦逼角色，在昏昏欲睡的课堂中邂逅来自蒙德的老（中）登们，和他们一起挑战 GPA 底线，突破睡眠极限——同时，逐步发掘“听不懂英文授课，但还得硬着头皮上”的英语听力、口语、写作之旅。

Analytic philosophy, originating in the early 20th century, emphasizes clarity, rigor, and argumentation in addressing philosophical problems. It often employs formal logic and conceptual analysis to examine fundamental questions about knowledge, reality, language, mind, and ethics. Key figures include Bertrand Russell, G.E. Moore, Ludwig Wittgenstein, and W.V.O. Quine. Its methods and approaches have significantly influenced various fields within philosophy and beyond.

Philosophical paradoxes challenge our intuitions and assumptions about logic, language, and reality. Examples include the liar paradox ("This sentence is false"), the sorites paradox ("How many grains make a heap?"), and Zeno's paradoxes of motion. Analyzing these paradoxes helps us refine our understanding of concepts like truth, vagueness, infinity, and the nature of sets.

The relationship between science and philosophy is complex and multifaceted. Science provides empirical evidence and explanations of natural phenomena, while philosophy examines the foundations of knowledge, the nature of scientific inquiry, and the implications of scientific discoveries for our understanding of the world and ourselves. Key areas of intersection include the philosophy of science, epistemology, and metaphysics.

AI ethics explores the moral and societal implications of artificial intelligence. Key issues include bias in algorithms, responsibility for AI actions and the potential risks of advanced AI, exemplified by "What should a self-driving car do in the 'Child' case"

Dualism posits a fundamental distinction between the mental and the physical, often associated with Descartes' mind-body dualism. This view raises challenges in explaining the interaction between these two realms and reconciling it with a scientific worldview. Property dualism argues for distinct mental and physical properties, while substance dualism posits separate mental and physical substances.

Physicalism claims that everything is ultimately physical, including mental states. Identity theory identifies mental states with brain states, while functionalism defines mental states by their functional roles. Physicalism faces challenges in explaining consciousness and intentionality, but offers a naturalistic approach to understanding the mind.

Consciousness is the state of being aware of and responsive to one's surroundings. The "hard problem" of consciousness is explaining how subjective experience arises from physical processes in the brain. Theories of consciousness include higher-order thought theories, global workspace theories, and integrated information theory.

Intentionality is the "aboutness" of mental states, their ability to represent or be directed towards objects and states of affairs in the world. Theories of intentionality include causal theories, teleological theories, and representational theories. The problem of intentionality is explaining how mental states can have this representational capacity and how their content is determined.

The self is a complex philosophical concept encompassing personal identity, self-consciousness, and the sense of being a unified and continuous individual over time. Theories of the self include the bundle theory (Hume), the narrative self (Dennett), and the embodied self (Merleau-Ponty). Debates revolve around the nature of personal identity, the role of memory and consciousness, and the relationship between the self and the body.

The analysis of knowledge seeks to provide necessary and sufficient conditions for a belief to count as knowledge. The traditional definition of knowledge as justified true belief is challenged by Gettier problems, which involve cases of justified true belief that don't seem to be genuine knowledge. Proposed solutions include adding a "no defeaters" condition or requiring a causal connection between the belief and the truth.

Theories of truth attempt to explain what makes a proposition true. Correspondence theories hold that truth consists in a relation between propositions and reality, while coherence theories emphasize the internal consistency of a set of beliefs. Deflationary theories argue that the concept of truth is not substantive but rather serves a linguistic function.

Nietzsche and Socrates represent contrasting philosophical approaches. Nietzsche emphasizes individual will, self-creation, and the rejection of traditional morality, while Socrates focuses on reason, virtue, and the pursuit of knowledge through dialogue. Their differing views on morality, truth, and the meaning of life continue to influence contemporary philosophical thought.

Skepticism questions the possibility of certain knowledge, particularly about the external world and other minds. Descartes' skeptical arguments in the Meditations challenge our reliance on sensory experience and raise doubts about the existence of an external world independent of our minds. Responses to skepticism include appeals to common sense, the reliability of our cognitive faculties, and the coherence of our beliefs.

Naming and Necessity explores the relationship between names, descriptions, and the modal properties of objects. Kripke argues that names are rigid designators, referring to the same object in all possible worlds, while descriptions are often non-rigid. This has implications for the philosophy of language, metaphysics, and the philosophy of mind, particularly in discussions of identity, essential properties, and the mind-body problem.